世联翻译公司完成FORAM说明英文翻译

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487_TextTable_AdditionalSimplifiedChinese_FORAM.doc

[05/01/2015] [11:10:04]

String count (308); Table count (1)

 

Chinese (Simplified) Text Original_IgnoreContext& 0000

SERRS kit 0001

Hardware Guides 0002

Raman spectroscopy 0003

Raman Spectral Comparator 0004

Complies with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 except for deviations pursuant to Laser Notice No. 50& 0005

Welcome to the Foster + Freeman range of FORAM Raman Spectral Comparators 0006

This equipment allows you to examine trace deposits by analysing and comparing Raman spectra 0007

Calibration standard 0008

Wavelength calibration 0009

The equipment is calibrated using the Raman spectrum of polystyrene 0010

The FORAM software includes a facility to verify the calibration of the equipment 0011

National or local standards other than IEC/EN 60825 may require the use of Class 3R laser products to be approved by an authorised Laser Safety Officer 0012

See Note 1 0013

Manufactured 0014

Laser safety 0015

Safety requirements 0016

Access restrictions 0017

Safety interlock connection 0018

Laser safety warning signs 0019

Recommended 0020

Laser Safety Officer 0021

The installation and use of this equipment should be approved by the authorised Laser Safety Officer 0022

Laser protective eyewear 0023

Strongly recommended 0024

Remove the key from the key switch when the equipment is not in use 0025

Laser specification 0026

Embedded laser device 0027

CW_ContinuousWave 0028

Beam divergence 0029

The FORAM main unit contains an embedded laser device of Class 3B 0030

The laser beam is enclosed by protective covers which are securely fastened 0031

The protective covers do not need to be removed for the normal operation of the instrument 0032

Exposure to radiation from the embedded laser can be hazardous to eyes 0033

Product class 0034

Accessible laser beam power 0035

The accessible part of the laser beam path (i.e. the gap between the microscope objective and the sample) is short and is directed vertically downwards 0036

The FORAM main unit complies with all safety requirements for this class of laser product 0037

Safety of Laser Products 0038

Equipment classification and requirements 0039

Although laser protective eyewear is not required during normal use of the equipment, laser light reflected from a very smooth and shiny sample can cause temporary dazzle 0040

Do not resist the natural aversion response (the blink reflex) in the event of inadvertent exposure to reflected laser light 0041

Do not exchange microscope objectives without first switching off the equipment 0042

Invisible IR Radiation 0043

Avoid direct eye exposure 0044

Direct exposure to the laser beam is hazardous to the eye and should be avoided 0045

Laser safety labels 0046

External labels 0047

Laser radiation 0048

Class 3R Laser Product 0049

Invisible laser radiation 0050

Class 3B Laser Product 0051

Laser radiation output and standards 0052

Max output 0053

Laser aperture 0054

Laser on 0055

Internal labels 0056

Class 3B laser radiation when open 0057

Class 3B invisible laser radiation when open 0058

Labels are visible only during servicing 0059

For continuous protection against fire, replace fuses with those of the same type/rating 0060

Local connection 0061

Before attempting to use the equipment, allow sufficient time for the FORAM main unit to stabilise 0062

Ferrite filter 0063

Connect the cables so that the ferrite filters are nearest to the FORAM main unit 0064

Using the Micropipette to apply one of the SERRS Reagents 0065

Without SERRS, fluorescence can mask the peaks in the Raman spectrum 0066

Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering 0067

SERRS_SurfaceEnhancedResonanceRamanScat 0068

When subjected to laser irradiation during examination with the FORAM, certain types of material fluoresce strongly, resulting in the emission of light over a broad-band of wavelengths 0069

In such cases, the Raman peaks appear against a high fluorescence baseline and become difficult to identify 0070

Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS) is a technique that involves applying a thin layer of a Gold colloid to the sample prior to recording the Raman spectrum 0071

By both reducing the amount of fluorescence and enhancing the Raman emission, the treatment can dramatically improve the resulting Raman spectrum 0072

Using the SERRS Kit 0073

Micropipette 0074

Filling/dispensing plunger 0075

Disposable tip 0076

Volume adjustment knob 0077

Volume setting 0078

Tip ejector 0079

microlitre 0080

Attach a clean tip to the pipette 0081

Remove the vials of reagents from their refrigerated storage 0082

Shake the vials of SERRS reagents 0083

Reagents may settle out of suspension after prolonged storage 0084

Depress the plunger until slight resistance is felt (only a small distance) 0085

Dip the tip into the poly-l-lysine solution 0086

Release the plunger 0087

Apply the tip to the region of the ink or pigment from which the Raman spectrum is required 0088

Depress the plunger fully 0089

Allow the treated area to dry for several minutes 0090

Remove the pipette tip by pressing the tip ejector 0091

Repeat steps #2 – #5 using the gold colloid 0092

Return the vials of reagents to their refrigerated storage 0093

Record the Raman spectrum in the usual way 0094

Reducing the optical collection efficiency 0095

Following treatment with the SERRS Reagents, some samples produce extremely intense Raman emission 0096

In these cases, the intensity of some spectral peaks may exceed the maximum that can be measured 0097

It may therefore become necessary to reduce the collection efficiency of the optical system 0098

Use the x10 microscope objective in place of the x20 objective 0099

Hardware Guide 0100

Laser intensity control 0101

If fitted 0102

Sample 0103

The FORAM is a compact PC-based Raman spectrometer intended for the examination of a variety of trace evidence 0104

Inks 0105

Pigments 0106

Paint chips 0107

Polymers 0108

Drugs 0109

Different versions of the FORAM are available, each of which operates at a different laser excitation wavelength 0110

The sample of evidence is placed on the translation stage under the chosen objective lens and a region of interest selected with the aid of the integral video camera 0111

By irradiating the sample with a high intensity laser beam, Raman emission is stimulated which is then analysed in a spectrometer and presented to the user as a spectrum 0112

The peaks within the Raman spectrum are characteristic of the molecular composition of the sample 0113

Microscope objective lens 0114

XYZ translation stage 0115

Laser diode 0116

Diffraction grating spectrometer 0117

A laser diode generates the light required to excite the Raman emission from the sample of evidence 0118

Other optical components 0119

A spectrometer separates the collected light into its wavelength components 0120

A video camera generates a live image of the sample area showing the laser spot 0121

Peltier-cooled optical detector 0122

An optical detector generates an electrical signal proportional to the intensity of each wavelength component from the spectrometer 0123

Control connections 0124

Software control of the laser intensity may be available 0125

Laser intensity 0126

Pull up 0127

Push down 0128

Controls the laser intensity 0129

Intensity range 0130

Purpose 0131

Laser spot 0132

Positioning the sample 0133

Recording a spectrum 0134

A microscope objective lens delivers the laser excitation light to, and collects the light that is back-scattered from, the sample area 0135

The scattered light includes the Raman emission 0136

A number of different objective lenses are mounted on a rotatable turret 0137

Light shields 0138

Raise the light shield 0139

Lower the light shield 0140

The microscope objective lenses are provided with adjustable light shields which can be raised or lowered, as required 0141

In use, the light shields should be carefully lowered as far as the type of sample will allow 0142

Stray light may be a problem if the distance between the microscope objective lens and the sample is too great 0143

Axis 0144

Direction 0145

Forwards 0146

Backwards 0147

Up 0148

Down 0149

Focussing the sample 0150

The sample of evidence for examination rests on a translation stage immediately below the chosen objective lens 0151

The translation stage can be moved in three directions 0152

Infrared radiation is invisible 0153

Item not supplied 0154

Release each fuse by using a suitable screwdriver to unscrew the top of the fuse holder 0155

Components of the SERRS Kit 0156

Keep refrigerated 0157

Remove from vacuum flask and place reagents in a refrigerator as soon as possible 0158

Do not freeze 0159

Disposable tips 0160

Vacuum flask 0161

SERRS Reagents 0162

The SERRS Kit comprises a number of components 0163

Vacuum flask containing refrigerated vials of the two SERRS Reagents 0164

Adjustable micropipette 0165

Disposable pipette tips 0166

The micropipette is used for dispensing precise volumes of the SERRS Reagents 0167

Refrigerate when not in use 0168

Storage temperature 0169

Reagent 0170

Poly-l-lysine solution 0171

Gold colloid 0172

Suspended particles 0173

Metallic gold 0174

Suspension fluid 0175

Trace additives 0176

Particle diameter 0177

Concentration 0178

particles 0179

The two vials of SERRS reagents have been dispatched in a vacuum flask filled with refrigerated water 0180

Remove the vials from the vacuum flask as soon as possible 0181

Place the vials in a refrigerator 0182

Discard the water from the vacuum flask 0183

Retain the vacuum flask for future use 0184

Specification and appearance may vary 0185

When stored correctly, the product may have a useful service life of 5 – 10 years 0186

Incident laser excitation light 0187

Raman spectroscopy provides the forensic scientist with a useful tool for the examination and comparison of a variety of trace evidence 0188

The method is particularly suitable when only trace samples of material are available and where conventional chemical analysis is impractical 0189

Direct comparison of Raman spectra can provide a rapid means of determining whether two samples of evidence can be distinguished from each other 0190

Refer to the relevant Application Notes for further details 0191

Different versions of the FORAM are available, operating at a variety of laser excitation wavelengths 0192

The Raman spectrum will generally exhibit prominent peaks whose Raman shifts (i.e. the differences in wavelength from the laser excitation light) characterise the vibrational frequencies of the chemical bonds in the molecules present 0193

The molecular composition of two different materials can therefore be compared by a direct comparison of their Raman shifts 0194

Raman scattering 0195

Elastically scattered light 0196

Wavelength is unchanged 0197

Inelastically scattered light 0198

Wavelength undergoes a Raman shift to a longer wavelength 0199

Laser excitation 0200

Irradiating a surface will produce scattered light with a spectrum that is characteristic of the material in the surface 0201

Raman Spectroscopy relies on the process of Raman Scattering, an effect named after its discoverer, the Indian scientist C.V. Raman 0202

The effect involves the inelastic scattering of light, in which a small proportion of the light scattered from the surface of a material is shifted to a slightly lower frequency (i.e. longer wavelength) by the atomic vibrations within the molecules 0203

Raman spectrum 0204

Raman shift 0205

Polystyrene 0206

Raman spectrum of the light scattered from polystyrene showing peaks with characteristic Raman shifts 0207

Wavenumber 0208

Whilst spectral features are often characterised by their wavelength (nm), Raman shifts are more commonly expressed in wavenumbers, n (cm-1) 0209

At the wavelength = 685 nm, a Raman shift n = 1000 cm-1 corresponds to a wavelength shift  ≈ 50 nm 0210

The FORAM can determine Raman shifts in the range n = 400 – 2000 cm-1 0211

Applications Manual 0212

In recent years, gel pens have become more commonly used by the general public, in preference to traditional ball point and liquid ink pens 0213

Gel pens present new challenges to document examiners since many employ inks which are based on pigments, rather than dyes, which cannot easily be extracted for analysis by thin layer chromatography (TLC) 0214

Several scientific studies have been published reporting the use of Raman spectroscopy to discriminate between gel pens 0215

Mazella and Buzzini [1] have applied Raman spectroscopy using two different excitation wavelengths to give a discrimination rate of 68% for pigmented blue gel pens 0216

Zieba-Pulus et al [2] utilised a combined Raman/µXRF instrument to analyse a range of materials of forensic interest including blue gel pens 0217

In this Application Note, we demonstrate the potential of the Foster + Freeman Raman Spectral Comparator (FORAM) to differentiate blue gel pens 0218

Raman spectroscopy involves the scattering of laser light from a target material, the analysis of which provides the user with a spectral “fingerprint” of the molecular composition of the material 0219

Gel pens 0220

The study reported here involved subjecting inks from 13 different types of blue gel pen to analysis using the FORAM 0221

Separate Raman spectra were recorded from each of the inks using each of three laser excitation wavelengths 0222

Spectra were baseline-corrected using software containing a propriety fluorescence filter 0223

Ref 0224

Ink type 0225

Unknown 0226

Pigment 0227

Dye 0228

Results and Discussion 0229

Raman spectra 0230

Blue gel pens 0231

Laser wavelength 0232

Discrimination rate 0233

Many of the spectral pairs showed clear differences, yielding the following visual discrimination rates 0234

Number of sample pairs in the study 0235

Number of pairs discriminated 0236

Note that whilst spectra obtained with longer wavelength excitation can provide additional discrimination, the intensity of the Raman emission becomes progressively weaker as the excitation wavelength lengthens 0237

The FOR spectrometer has the ability to discriminate between different types of blue gel pens 0238

The use of a number of excitation wavelengths can improve the overall discrimination rate 0239

The instrumentation is cost effective, compact and almost free of maintenance 0240

Discriminating toners 0241

The discrimination of laser printer and photocopiers toner present the document examiner with particular challenges 0242

Conventional analytical techniques, such as visible/IR absorption, which are useful in ink examination are not applicable to toners 0243

Other techniques, such as FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, are either quite destructive to the document or are time consuming and expensive 0244

The various FTIR techniques which may be applied to toners have been described elsewhere 0245

Initially, we attempt to discriminate toner in-situ on the document 0246

Subsequently, we extract the acetone soluble components from the toner and deposit the solute onto aluminium foil 0247

The solute is then subjected to Raman analysis in the same way 0248

Toner samples 0249

The study reported here involved subjecting different types of toner to analysis using the FORAM 0250

Laser excitation wavelength 0251

Spectra were baseline-corrected using a proprietary software fluorescence filter 0252

Colour after extraction 0253

Toners contain a variety of components 0254

Fusible resin 0255

Iron oxide 0256

Carbon black 0257

Dyes 0258

Surfactants 0259

Charge control agents 0260

Typical resins include the following compounds 0261

Styrene/butadiene copolymer 0262

Styrene ethylhexylacrylate 0263

Styrene n-butylacrylate 0264

Other copolymers 0265

The colour of the toner may be modified by the addition of dyes 0266

Nigrosine 0267

Victoria blue 0268

Methyl violet 0269

Pthalocyanines 0270

Azo-pigments 0271

Quinacridones 0272

The charge control agents are often complex organometallic compounds, which also act as dyes, or quaternary ammonium salts (both aromatic and aliphatic) 0273

Components of the toner were extracted by immersing a small area of the document (~5 mm2) in 2 ml of acetone (Chromasolv Plus, Sigma Aldrich 650501-1L) for several hours 0274

Approximately 0.3 ml of the resulting solution was then applied to a microscope slide covered with aluminium foil and allowed to dry 0275

Spectra of the remaining residue were recorded using the FORAM in the usual way 0276

The aim of the extraction process was to concentrate the soluble components (resins and dyes) whilst removing possible interference from the insoluble components (carbon black and iron oxide) 0277

In situ 0278

Toners 0279

Most of the spectral pairs showed clear differences 0280

Overall visual discrimination rate 0281

pairs 0282

Toner components 0283

Many of the components either yielded no Raman spectrum or fluoresced too intensely to enable one to be obtained 0284

Note that the spectrum of Ricoh 7670 correlates well with that of amorphous carbon 0285

It is surprising, however, that despite the toner containing as much as 60% resin, no spectral peaks corresponding to the resin component are observed 0286

It is likely that the peak at 668 cm-1 in the spectrum of HP 6P LaserJet arises from magnetite 0287

Toner residue 0288

Note that spectral peaks corresponding to styrene are observed in the spectrum of the extract from Sharp SF800 toner 0289

It is assumed that the styrene is present in a copolymer 0290

Toner extract 0291

The FORAM spectrometer has the ability to discriminate between different types of toner, both in situ on the document, and after extraction into acetone 0292

Discrimination rates of 72% and 84% were achieved 0293

Since the FORAM spectrometer requires only extremely small amounts of material to obtain a spectrum, the method for extracting and concentrating the toner extracts could be optimised further, thereby reducing the amount of material removed from the document 0294

Discriminating printer inks 0295

The low cost and ready availability of inkjet printers has greatly increased the frequency with which documents produced by these machines are encountered by document examiners 0296

Other techniques, such as chromatography, are not ideal as they often involve the destruction of a small portion of the document 0297

Whilst the application of Raman and SERRS spectroscopy to the analysis of questioned documents is widely discussed in the scientific literature [1, 2, 3, 4], the application of these techniques to the analysis of black inkjet inks is somewhat limited 0298

Littleford et al [4] have used SERRS spectroscopy to probe the structural changes of the chromophore present in black inkjet inks when deposited onto paper 0299

They also give examples of the types of dye that are likely to be found in inkjet inks 0300

Ink samples 0301

The SERRS technique was effected by applying poly-L-lysine (Sigma-Aldrich) and gold colloid (British Biocell) to the ink mark on the document [5] prior to recording each Raman spectrum 0302

Inkjet printer 0303

Brunelle and Crawford [6] describe the various types of dyes, solvents, dye complexing agents and surfactants typically found in inkjet inks 0304

The dye component, which is the component expected to give rise to the spectra shown above, is frequently an azo-dye with a very broad visible absorption profile 0305

The differences between the dyes are often due to modification or addition of side chain groups [4] to improve properties such as light fastness or solubility 0306

Although it has not been possible to identify the dyes giving rise to the different spectra shown, the small spectral differences observed are consistent with the assertion that the dye molecules have a similar basic molecular structure, but have different side chain groups 0307

Further work is needed to prove this assertion 0308

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